CWAP-404 Free Certification Exam Easy to Download PDF Format 2024
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CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Certification Details:
| Exam Price | $275 USD |
| Exam Registration | PEARSON VUE |
| Duration | 90 minutes |
| Sample Questions | CWNP CWAP-404 Sample Questions |
| Passing Score | 70% |
| Number of Questions | 60 |
| Exam Code | CWAP-404 CWAP |
NEW QUESTION # 13
How does a VoIP Phone, using WMM Power Save, request data frames buffered at the AP?
- A. The VoIP phone transmits a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame
- B. The VoIP phone transmits a WMM Action frame
- C. The VoIP phone transmits a PS-Poll frame
- D. The VoIP phone sets the More Data bit in the MAC Header to 1
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A VoIP phone, using WMM Power Save, requests data frames buffered at the AP by transmitting a trigger frame, which is a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame. WMM Power Save is a power saving mode that allows a STA (station) to conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. WMM Power Save is based on WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia), which is a QoS (Quality of Service) enhancement that provides prioritized and differentiated access to the medium fordifferent types of traffic. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a trigger frame to the AP, indicating its AC (Access Category), which is a logical queue that corresponds to its QoS level. A trigger frame can be either a QoS Null frame or a QoS Data frame, depending on whether it has any payload or not. The AP then responds with one or more data frames from the same AC as the trigger frame, followed by an ACK or BA (Block Acknowledgement) frame from the STA. The other options are not correct, as they are not used by a VoIP phone using WMM Power Save to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is used by a STA using legacy power save mode, not WMM Power Save mode, to request data frames buffered at the AP. A PS-Poll frame does not indicate any AC or QoS information. Setting the More Data bit in the MAC header to 1 does not request any data frames from the AP, but indicates that there are more data frames to be sent by the STA or received by the STA.
Transmitting a WMM Action frame does not request any data frames from the AP, but performs various management actions related to WMM features, such as admission control, parameter update, etc. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page
198-199
NEW QUESTION # 14
What should the To DS and From DS flags be to set to in an Association Response frame?
- A. To DS = 0, From DS = 1
- B. To DS - 0, From DS = 0
- C. To DS = 1, From DS = 1
- D. To DS - 1, From DS = 0
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The To DS and From DS flags should be set to 0 in an Association Response frame. An Association Response frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to accept or reject an association request from a STA. The To DS (To Distribution System) and From DS (From Distribution System) flags are two bits in the Frame Control field of the MAC header that indicate whether a frame is destined for or originated from the DS (Distribution System), which is a system that connects multiple BSSs together. The To DS and From DS flags can have four possible combinations: 00, 01, 10, or 11. For an Association Response frame, which is sent from an AP to a STA within a BSS, both flags should be set to 0. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 121-122
NEW QUESTION # 15
ABC International has installed a new smart ZigBee controlled lighting system. However, the network team is concerned that this new system will interfere with the existing WLAN and has asked you to investigate the impact of the two systems operating simultaneously in the 2.4 GHz band. When performing Spectrum Analysis, which question could you answer by looking at the FFT plot?
- A. Do the ZigBee channels used by the lighting system overlap with the WLAN channels?
- B. Is the ZigBee system causing an increase in WLAN retries?
- C. Is the WLAN corrupting ZigBee system messages?
- D. Is the ZigBee system using more than 50% of the available airtime?
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The FFT plot is a spectrum analysis plot that shows the RF power present at a particular frequency over a short period of time. It can help identify the sources and characteristics of RF signals in the spectrum. By looking at the FFT plot, you can determine which ZigBee channels are used by the lighting system and whether they overlap with the WLAN channels in the 2.4 GHz band. ZigBee channels are 5 MHz wide and WLAN channels are 20 MHz or 40 MHz wide, so there is a possibility of overlap and interference between them. The other questions cannot be answered by looking at the FFT plot alone, as they require other types of plots or analysis tools, such as duty cycle plot, airtime utilization plot, or protocol analyzer. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 69-70
NEW QUESTION # 16
What interframe space would be expected between a CIS and a Data frame?
- A. AIFS
- B. PIFS
- C. DIFS
- D. SIFS
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The interframe space that would be expected between a CTS (Clear to Send) and a Data frame is SIFS (Short Interframe Space). A SIFS is the shortest interframe space that is used for high-priority transmissions, such as ACKs (Acknowledgements), CTSs, or data frames that are part of a fragmentation or aggregation process. A SIFS is a fixed value that depends on the PHY type and channel width. A CTS and a Data frame are part of a virtual carrier sense mechanism called RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send), which is used to avoid collisions and hidden node problems in wireless transmissions. When a STA (station) wants to send a data frame, it first sends an RTS frame to the intended receiver, indicating the duration of the transmission. The receiver then responds with a CTS frame, also indicating the duration of the transmission. The other STAs in the vicinity hear either the RTS or the CTS frame and update their NAV (Network Allocation Vector) timers accordingly, deferring their access to the medium until the transmission is over. The sender then sends the data frame after waiting for a SIFS, followed by an ACK frame from the receiver after another SIFS. The other options are not correct, as they are not used between a CTS and a Data frame. A PIFS (PCF Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the PCF (Point Coordination Function), which is an optional and rarely implemented polling-based mechanism that provides contention-free service for time-sensitive traffic. An AIFS (Arbitration Interframe Space) is used for medium access by different ACs (Access Categories), which are logical queues that correspond to different QoS (Quality of Service) levels for different types of traffic. An AIFS is a variable interframe space that depends on the AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value of each AC. A DIFS (Distributed Interframe Space) is used for medium access by the DCF (Distributed Coordination Function), which is the default and mandatory contention-based mechanism that provides best-effort service for normal traffic. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 166-167; Chapter 7: QoS Analysis, page 194-195
NEW QUESTION # 17
In the 2.4 GHZ band, what data rate are Probe Requests usually sent at from an unassociated STA?
- A. 1 Mbps
- B. The minimum basic rate
- C. MCS 0
- D. 6 Mbps
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
In the 2.4 GHz band, probe requests are usually sent at the minimum basic rate from an unassociated STA. A probe request is a type of management frame that is transmitted by a STA to discover available BSSs in its vicinity. A probe request can be sent on one or more channels in either passive or active scanning mode. In passive scanning mode, a STA listens for beacon frames from APs on each channel. In active scanning mode, a STA sends probe requests on each channel and waits for probe responses from APs. A probe request is usually sent at the minimum basic rate, which is the lowest data rate among the supported rates that is required for all STAs to join and communicate with a BSS. The minimum basic rate can vary depending on the configuration of each BSS, but it is typically one of these values: 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, or 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band. The other options are not correct, as they do not reflect how probe requests are usually sent in the 2.4 GHz band. MCS 0 is a modulation and coding scheme used by 802.11n/ac devices in either band, but it is not a data rate per se. 6 Mbps is a data rate used by OFDM devices in either band, but it is not usually configured as a minimum basic rate in the 2.4 GHz band. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 123-124
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the function of the PHY layer?
- A. Convert MSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to MSDUs for receptions
- B. Convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions
- C. Convert PPDUs to MSDUs for transmissions and MSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
- D. Convert PPDUs to PSDUs for transmissions and PSDUs to PPDUs for receptions
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The function of the PHY layer is to convert PSDUs to PPDUs for transmissions and PPDUs to PSDUs for receptions. A PSDU (PHY Service Data Unit) is the data unit that is passed from the MAC layer to the PHY layer for transmission, or from the PHY layer to the MAC layer for reception. A PPDU (PHY Protocol Data Unit) is the data unit that is transmitted or received over the wireless medium by the PHY layer. A PPDU consists of a PSDU and a PHY header, which contains information such as modulation, coding, and data rate.
The PHY layer adds or removes the PHY header to or from the PSDU during the conversion process. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 19
Protocol analyzers may present field values in either binary, decimal or hexadecimal. What preceeds a hexadecimal value to indicate it is hexadecimal?
- A. HEX
- B. 16x
- C. %
- D. 0x
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A hexadecimal value is a value that uses base 16 notation, which means it can have digits from 0 to 9 and letters from A to F. A hexadecimal value is usually preceded by 0x to indicate that it is hexadecimal and not decimal or binary. For example, 0x0A is hexadecimal for 10 in decimal or 00001010 in binary. The other options are not valid prefixes for hexadecimal values.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 2: Protocol Analysis, page 35
CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 2.2: Analyze field values
NEW QUESTION # 20
Given: The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is a 32 CRC used for error detection.
The CRC is calculated over what?
- A. Frame Body only
- B. PHY Header and Mac Header only
- C. Mac Header and Frame Body only
- D. PHY Header, MAC Header and Frame Body
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body only. The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a 32-bit value that is used for error detection in wireless transmissions. The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body of a PSDU, which are the parts of the data unit that contain information such as source and destination addresses, frame type, frame control, sequence number, payload, etc. The CRC is appended to the end of the PSDU as a FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field. The CRC is not calculated over the PHY Header or PHY Preamble, which are parts of the PPDU that contain information such as modulation, coding, data rate, etc. The PHY Header and PHY Preamble are added or removed by the PHY layer during the conversion between PSDU and PPDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 21
After examining a Beacon frame decode you see the SSID Element has a length of 0. What do you conclude about this frame?
- A. This is a common attack on WISP backend SQL databases
- B. SSID elements always have a length of 0
- C. The frame is corrupted
- D. The beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
If the SSID element has a length of 0 in a Beacon frame decode, it means that the beacon is from a BSS configured to hide the SSID. The SSID element is a part of the Beacon frame that contains the name or identifier of the BSS. The SSID element has two fields: length and value. The length field indicates how many bytes are used for the value field, which contains the actual SSID string. If the length field is 0, it means that there is no value field or SSID string in the element. This is a common technique used by some APs to hide their SSID from passive scanning clients or potential attackers. However, this technique does not provide much security, as there are other ways to discover or reveal the hidden SSID, such as active scanning or capturing probe response or association frames. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 122-123
NEW QUESTION # 22
When would you expect to see a Reassociation Request frame'
- A. Only when a STA is using FT roaming
- B. Every time a STA roams
- C. Only when a STA roams back to an AP it has previously been associated with
- D. Every time a STA associates to an AP to which it has previously been associated
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A Reassociation Request frame is sent every time a STA roams from one AP to another within the same ESS.
A Reassociation Request frame is similar to an Association Request frame, but it also contains the BSSID of the current AP that the STA is leaving. This allows the new AP to coordinate with the old AP and transfer the STA's context information, such as security keys, QoS parameters, and buffered frames. This way, the STA can maintain its connectivity and session continuity during roaming . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 195;CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 196.
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which one of the following is not an 802.11 Management frame?
- A. Authentication
- B. Action
- C. Beacon
- D. PS-Poll
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A PS-Poll (Power Save Poll) frame is not an 802.11 management frame. A PS-Poll frame is a type of control frame that is used by a STA in power save mode to request data frames from an AP. A STA in power save mode can conserve battery power by periodically sleeping and waking up. When a STA sleeps, it cannot receive any data frames from the AP, so it informs the AP of its power save status by setting a bit in its MAC header. The AP then buffers any data frames destined for the sleeping STA until it wakes up. When a STA wakes up, it sends a PS-Poll frame to the AP, indicating its association ID and requesting any buffered data frames. The AP thenresponds with one or more data frames, followed by an ACK or BA frame from the STA.
The other options are not correct, as they are types of 802.11 management frames. An Action frame is used to perform various management actions, such as spectrum management, QoS management, radio measurement, etc. A Beacon frame is used to advertise the presence and capabilities of an AP or BSS. An Authentication frame is used to establish or terminate an authentication relationship between a STA and an AP. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 169-170
NEW QUESTION # 24
Finish the statement:
It is possible to distinguish between_______22 MHz transmissions and________20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot.
- A. HR/DSSS and ERP
- B. HT and VHT
- C. ERP and VHT
- D. OFDM and HT
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
It is possible to distinguish between OFDM 20 MHz transmissions and HT 20 MHz transmissions when looking at an FFT plot. OFDM and HT are two different modulation schemes used by 802.11 WLANs. OFDM is used by legacy 802.11a/g devices, while HT is used by newer 802.11n/ac devices. OFDM and HT have different spectral characteristics that can be observed on an FFT plot. OFDM transmissions have a flat spectrum with sharp edges, while HT transmissions have a tapered spectrum with rounded edges. This is because HT uses guard intervals and cyclic prefixes to reduce inter-symbol interference and improve performance. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe different modulation schemes or channel widths that can be distinguished on an FFT plot. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 70-71
NEW QUESTION # 25
What is the difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame?
- A. QoS Data frames include an 802.1Q VLAN tag
- B. QoS Data frames include a QoS information element
- C. QoS Data frames include a QoS control field
- D. QoS Data frames include a DSCP control field
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The difference between a Data frame and a QoS-Data frame is that QoS Data frames include a QoS control field. A Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs. A QoS Data frame is a type of data frame that is used to carry user data or upper layer protocol data between STAs and APs that support QoS (Quality of Service) features. QoS features allow different types of traffic to be prioritized and handled differently according to their QoS requirements, such as delay, jitter, throughput, etc. QoS Data frames include a QoS control field in their MAC header, which contains information such as traffic identifier (TID), queue size (TXOP), acknowledgment policy (ACK), etc., that are used for QoS purposes. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe the difference between Data and QoS Data frames. QoS Data frames do not include a DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) control field, which is part of the IP header in the network layer, not the MAC header in the data link layer. QoS Data frames do not include a QoS information element (IE), which is part of some management frames that indicate QoS capabilities or parameters, not data frames. QoS Data frames do not include an 802.1Q VLAN tag, which is part of some Ethernet frames that indicate VLAN membership or priority, not wireless frames. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 118-119
NEW QUESTION # 26
Using a portable analyzer you perform a packet capture next to a client STA and you can see that the STA is associated to a BSS. You observe the STA sending packets to the AP and the AP sending packets to the STA.
Less than 2% of all packets are retransmissions. You move to capture packets by the AP and, while the retry rate is still less than 2%, you now only see unidirectional traffic from the AP to the client. How do you explain this behavior?
- A. There is a transmit power mismatch between the client and the AP and while the client can hear the APs traffic, the AP cannot hear the client
- B. The portable analyzer is too close to the AP causing CCI, blinding the AP to the clients packets
- C. The portable analyzer has a lower receive sensitivity than the AP and while it can't capture the packets from the client STA, the AP can receive them OK
- D. The STA is transmitting data using more spatial streams than the potable analyzer can support
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Receive sensitivity is the minimum signal level that a receiver can detect and decode. Different devices may have different receive sensitivity levels depending on their hardware specifications and antenna configurations.
In this scenario, the portable analyzer has a lower receive sensitivity than the AP, meaning that it requires a stronger signal to capture the packets from the client STA. The AP, on the other hand, has a higher receive sensitivity and can receive the packets from the client STA even if they have a weaker signal. This explains why the portable analyzer can only see unidirectional traffic from the AP to the client when capturing near the AP5 References:
CWAP-403 Study Guide, Chapter 4: PHY Layer Analysis, page 121
CWAP-403 Objectives, Section 4.3: Analyze PHY layer metrics
NEW QUESTION # 27
A client is operating in an unstable RF environment. Out of five data frames transmitted to the client it only receives four. The client sends a Block Ack to acknowledge the receipt of these four frames but due to frame corruption the Block Ack is not received by the AP. Which frames will be retransmitted'
- A. All data frames
- B. Only the Block Ack
- C. Both the corrupted data and Block Ack
- D. Only the data frame which was corrupted
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
All data frames will be retransmitted in this scenario. This is because the AP uses a Block Ack (BA) mechanism to acknowledge the receipt of multiple data frames from a client in a single frame. The BA contains a bitmap that indicates which data frames were received correctly and which were not. If the BA is not received by the AP due to frame corruption, the AP will assume that none of the data frames were received by the client and will retransmit all of them. The other options are not correct, as they do not account for the loss of the BA or the use of the bitmap. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 167-168
NEW QUESTION # 28
What is used to respond with an uplink transmission to an MU-RTS trigger frame in the 802.11ax PHY?
- A. HE SU PPDU
- B. HE TB PPDU
- C. HE MU PPDU
- D. VHT PPDU
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
An HE TB PPDU (High Efficiency Trigger-Based Packet Data Unit) is used to respond with an uplink transmission to an MU-RTS trigger frame in the 802.11ax PHY (Physical Layer). An MU-RTS trigger frame is a frame that initiates a multi-user transmission opportunity (MU-TXOP) by requesting multiple stations (STAs) to send clear-to-send (CTS) frames on different spatial streams or resource units (RUs). An HE TB PPDU is a frame that contains data from multiple STAs that have been allocated RUs by an MU-RTS trigger frame or another type of trigger frame. An HE SU PPDU (High Efficiency Single User Packet Data Unit) is a frame that contains data from a single STA using all available spatial streams or RUs. An HE MU PPDU (High Efficiency Multi User Packet Data Unit) is a frame that contains data from multiple STAs using different spatial streams or RUs without being triggered by another frame. A VHT PPDU (Very High Throughput Packet Data Unit) is a frame that uses the 802.11ac PHY and does not support multi-user transmissions.References:
CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 3: 802.11 MAC Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 101 CWAP-404 Objectives, Section 3.4: Analyze multi-user transmissions CWAP-404 Study Guide, Chapter 3: 802.11 MAC Layer Frame Formats and Technologies, page 99
NEW QUESTION # 29
You are analyzing a packet decode of a Probe Request and notice the SSID element has a length of zero. What do you conclude about the transmitting STA?
- A. The STA is operating in Ad-Hoc mode
- B. The WLAN adaptor is configured in promiscuous mode
- C. The STA's WLAN adaptor is disabled
- D. The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The STA is discovering a list of available BSSs by sending a Probe Request with an empty SSID element.
This is also known as a broadcast Probe Request, as it does not specify any particular SSID to probe for. Any AP that receives this Probe Request will respond with a Probe Response containing its own SSID and other information about its BSS. This way, the STA can learn about all the BSSs in its vicinity and choose which one to associate with . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 191; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 6: MAC Sublayer Frame Exchanges, page 193.
NEW QUESTION # 30
In a Spectrum Analyzer the Swept Spectrogram plot displays what information?
- A. RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time
- B. Wi-Fi Device information
- C. Reductions in frame transmissions
- D. The RF time domain
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The Swept Spectrogram plot is a spectrum analysis plot that shows the RF power present at a particular frequency over the course of time. It can help identify trends and patterns in the RF spectrum over a longer period of time. It can also show how the RF environment changes over time and how different sources of RF signals affect each other. The other options are not correct, as they describe different types of plots or information that are not related to the Swept Spectrogram plot. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide], Chapter 3: Spectrum Analysis, page 72-73
NEW QUESTION # 31
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, to which portion of the frame is the encryption applied?
- A. Frame body and MAC Header
- B. The whole MPDU
- C. Frame body including the LLCPDU
- D. Frame body excluding the LLCPDU
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, the encryption is applied to the frame body including the LLCPDU. The LLCPDU (Logical Link Control Protocol Data Unit) is a part of the frame body that contains information such as protocol type, source and destination service access points (SAPs), and control fields. The LLCPDU is added by the LLC (Logical Link Control) sublayer to provide multiplexing and flow control functions for different upper layer protocols. When a data frame is encrypted with WPA2, which uses AES-CCMP as its encryption algorithm, both the payload and the LLCPDU are encrypted as a single unit. The MAC header and FCS are not encrypted, as they are needed for addressing and error detection purposes. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 115-116
NEW QUESTION # 32
Where would you look in a packet trace file to identify the configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS?
- A. Supported Rates & Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame
- B. In the MBR Action frame
- C. In the MBR Information Element in an Association Response frame
- D. In the Minimum Basic Rate Element in a Beacon frame
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The configured Minimum Basic Rate (MBR) of a BSS can be identified by looking at the Supported Rates and Extended Supported Rates elements in a Beacon frame. A Beacon frame is a type of management frame that is transmitted by an AP to advertise its presence and capabilities to potential clients. A Beacon frame contains various information elements (IEs) that provide details about the BSS configuration and operation. The Supported Rates andExtended Supported Rates IEs list the data rates that are supported by the AP for data transmission. The MBR is the lowest data rate among these supported rates that is required for all clients to join and communicate with the BSS. The MBR is usually marked with a flag bit in these IEs to indicate its mandatory status. The other options are not correct, as they do not exist or do not indicate the MBR of a BSS. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 5: 802.11 MAC Sublayer, page 123-124
NEW QUESTION # 33
......
CWNP CWAP-404 Exam Topics:
| Section | Objectives |
|---|---|
Protocol Analysis - 15% | |
| Capture 802.11 frames using the appropriate methods | - Select capture devices
- Install monitor mode drivers |
| Understand and apply the common capture configuration parameters available in protocol analysis tools | - Save to disk - Packet slicing - Event triggers - Buffer options - Channels and channel widths - Capture filters - Channel scanning and dwell time |
| Analyze 802.11 frame captures to discover problems and find solutions | - Use appropriate display filters to view relevant frames and packets - Use colorization to highlight important frames and packets - Configure and display columns for analysis purposes - View frame and packet decodes while understanding the information shown and applying it to the analysis process - Use multiple adapters and channel aggregation to view captures from multiple channels - Implement protocol analyzer decryption procedures - View and use a capture’s statistical information for analysis - Use expert mode for analysis - View and understand peer maps as they relate to communications analysis |
| Utilize additional tools that capture 802.11 frames for analysis and troubleshooting | - WLAN scanners and discovery tools - Protocol capture visualization and analysis tools - Centralized monitoring, alerting, and forensic tools |
| Ensure appropriate troubleshooting methods are used with all analysis types | - Define the problem - Determine the scale of the problem - Identify probable causes - Capture and analyze the data - Observe the problem - Choose appropriate remediation steps - Document the problem and resolution |
Spectrum Analysis - 10% | |
| Capture RF spectrum data and understand the common views available in spectrum analyzers | - Install, configure, and use spectrum analysis software and hardware - Capture RF spectrum data using handheld, laptop-based, and infrastructure spectrum capture solutions - Understand and use spectrum analyzer views
|
| Analyze spectrum captures to identify relevant RF information and issues | - RF noise floor in an environment - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for a given signal - Sources of RF interference and their locations - RF channel utilization - Non-Wi-Fi transmitters and their impact on WLAN communications - Overlapping and non-overlapping adjacent channel interference - Poor performing or faulty radios |
| Analyze spectrum captures to identify various device signatures | - Identify various 802.11 PHYs
- Identify non-802.11 devices based on RF behaviors and signatures
|
| Use centralized spectrum analysis solutions | - AP-based spectrum analysis - Sensor-based spectrum analysis |
PHY Layers and Technologies - 10% | |
| Understand and describe the functions of the PHY layer and the PHY protocol data units (PPDUs) | - DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - HR/DSSS (High Rate/Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) - OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) - ERP (Extended Rate PHY) - HT (High Throughput) - VHT (Very High Throughput) - HE (High Efficiency)
|
| Apply the understanding of PHY technologies, including PHY headers, preambles, training fields, frame aggregation, and data rates, to captured data | |
| Identify and use PHY information provided within pseudo-headers in protocol analyzers | - Pseudo-Header formats
- Key pseudo-header content
|
| Recognize the limits of protocol analyzers to capture PHY information including NULL data packets and PHY headers | |
| Use appropriate capture devices based on proper understanding of PHY types | - Supported PHYs - Supported spatial streams |
MAC Sublayer and Functions - 25% | |
| Understand frame encapsulation and frame aggregation | - Frame aggregation (A-MSDU and A-MPDU) |
| Identify and use MAC information in captured data for analysis | - Management, Control, and Data frames - MAC frame formats and contents
- 802.11 Management frame formats
- Data and QoS Data frame formats
|
| Validate BSS configuration through protocol analysis | - Country code - Minimum basic rate - Supported rates and coding schemes - Beacon interval - WMM settings - RSN settings - HT/VHT/HE operations - Channel width - Primary channel - Hidden or non-broadcast SSIDs |
| Identify and analyze CRC error frames and retransmitted frames | |
WLAN Medium Access - 10% | |
| Understand 802.11 contention algorithms in-depth and know how they impact WLANs | - Distributed Coordination Function (DCF)
- Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA)
- Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)
|
| Analyze QoS configuration and operations | - Verify QoS parameters in capture files - Ensure QoS is implemented end-to-end |
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